Construct a DFA which accept the language L = {w | w ∈ {a,b}* and Na(w) mod 3 = Nb (w) mod 3}
Problem:
Construct a deterministic finite automata (DFA) for accepting the language L = {w | w ∈ {a,b}* and Na(w) mod 3 = Nb (w) mod 3}. Language L={w | Na(w) = Nb(w)mod 3} which means all string contain modulus of count of a’s equal to modulus of count of b’s by 3.
Examples:
Input: a a b b b Output: NOT ACCEPTED // n = 2, m=3 (2 mod 3! = 3 mod 3) Input: a a b b Output: ACCEPTED // n = 2, m = 2 (2 mod 3 = 2 mod 3) Input: b b b Output: NOT ACCEPTED // n = 0, m = 3 ((0 mod 3 = 3 mod 3) <=> (0=0))
Approaches:
- Construct FA for {w | w [Tex]\epsilon [/Tex] {a, b}} and Na = 0 mod 3 means having a’s as a multiple of 3.
- Construct FA for {w | w [Tex]\epsilon [/Tex] {a, b}} and Nb = 0 mod 3 means having b’s as a multiple of 3.
- Concatenate the two FA and make single DFA using Concatenation process in DFA.
- Making state as final state which accepts the equal modulus count for a’s and b’s.
- DFA State Transition Diagram:
States 00, 11 and 22 leads to the acceptance of the string.Whereas states 01, 02, 10, 12, 20 and 21 leads to the rejection of the string. Let’s see code for the demonstration:
C/C++
// C/C++ Program to construct a DFA which accept the language // L = { w | w is in {a, b}* and Na(w) mod 3 = Nb(w) mod 3} #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> // dfa tells the number associated // string end in which state. int dfa = 0; // This function is for // the starting state (00)of DFA void start( char c) { if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 10; } else if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 1; } // -1 is used to check for any invalid symbol else { dfa = -1; } } // This function is for the first state (01) of DFA void state01( char c) { if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 11; } else if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 2; } else { dfa = -1; } } // This function is for the second state (02) of DFA void state02( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 0; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 12; } else { dfa = -1; } } // This function is for the third state (10)of DFA void state10( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 11; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 20; } else { dfa = -1; } } // This function is for the forth state (11)of DFA void state11( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 12; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 21; } else { dfa = -1; } } void state12( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 10; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 22; } else { dfa = -1; } } void state20( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 21; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 0; } else { dfa = -1; } } void state21( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 22; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 1; } else { dfa = -1; } } void state22( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 20; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 2; } else { dfa = -1; } } int isAccepted( char str[]) { // store length of string int i, len = strlen (str); for (i = 0; i < len; i++) { if (dfa == 0) start(str[i]); else if (dfa == 1) state01(str[i]); else if (dfa == 2) state02(str[i]); else if (dfa == 10) state10(str[i]); else if (dfa == 11) state11(str[i]); else if (dfa == 12) state12(str[i]); else if (dfa == 20) state20(str[i]); else if (dfa == 21) state21(str[i]); else if (dfa == 22) state22(str[i]); else return 0; } if (dfa == 0 || dfa == 11 || dfa == 22) return 1; else return 0; } // driver code int main() { char str[] = "aaaabbbb" ; if (isAccepted(str)) printf ( "ACCEPTED" ); else printf ( "NOT ACCEPTED" ); return 0; } // This code is contributed by SHUBHAMSINGH10. |
Java
// Java Program to construct a DFA which accept the language // L = { w | w is in {a, b}* and Na(w) mod 3 = Nb(w) mod 3} class GFG{ // dfa tells the number associated // string end in which state. static int dfa = 0 ; // This function is for // the starting state (00)of DFA static void start( char c) { if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 10 ; } else if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 1 ; } // -1 is used to check for any invalid symbol else { dfa = - 1 ; } } // This function is for the first state (01) of DFA static void state01( char c) { if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 11 ; } else if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 2 ; } else { dfa = - 1 ; } } // This function is for the second state (02) of DFA static void state02( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 0 ; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 12 ; } else { dfa = - 1 ; } } // This function is for the third state (10)of DFA static void state10( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 11 ; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 20 ; } else { dfa = - 1 ; } } // This function is for the forth state (11)of DFA static void state11( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 12 ; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 21 ; } else { dfa = - 1 ; } } static void state12( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 10 ; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 22 ; } else { dfa = - 1 ; } } static void state20( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 21 ; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 0 ; } else { dfa = - 1 ; } } static void state21( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 22 ; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 1 ; } else { dfa = - 1 ; } } static void state22( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 20 ; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 2 ; } else { dfa = - 1 ; } } static boolean isAccepted(String st) { // store length of string int i, len = st.length(); char [] str = st.toCharArray(); for (i = 0 ; i < len; i++) { if (dfa == 0 ) start(str[i]); else if (dfa == 1 ) state01(str[i]); else if (dfa == 2 ) state02(str[i]); else if (dfa == 10 ) state10(str[i]); else if (dfa == 11 ) state11(str[i]); else if (dfa == 12 ) state12(str[i]); else if (dfa == 20 ) state20(str[i]); else if (dfa == 21 ) state21(str[i]); else if (dfa == 22 ) state22(str[i]); else return false ; } if (dfa == 0 || dfa == 11 || dfa == 22 ) return true ; else return false ; } // driver code public static void main(String []args) { String str = "aaaabbbb" ; if (isAccepted(str)) System.out.println( "ACCEPTED" ); else System.out.println( "NOT ACCEPTED" ); } } // This code contributed by Rajput-Ji |
C#
// C# Program to construct a DFA which accept the language // L = { w | w is in {a, b}* and Na(w) mod 3 = Nb(w) mod 3} using System; class GFG { // DFA tells the number associated // string end in which state. static int dfa = 0; // This function is for // the starting state (00)of DFA static void start( char c) { if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 10; } else if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 1; } // -1 is used to check for any invalid symbol else { dfa = -1; } } // This function is for the first state (01) of DFA static void state01( char c) { if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 11; } else if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 2; } else { dfa = -1; } } // This function is for the second state (02) of DFA static void state02( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 0; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 12; } else { dfa = -1; } } // This function is for the third state (10)of DFA static void state10( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 11; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 20; } else { dfa = -1; } } // This function is for the forth state (11)of DFA static void state11( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 12; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 21; } else { dfa = -1; } } static void state12( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 10; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 22; } else { dfa = -1; } } static void state20( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 21; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 0; } else { dfa = -1; } } static void state21( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 22; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 1; } else { dfa = -1; } } static void state22( char c) { if (c == 'b' ) { dfa = 20; } else if (c == 'a' ) { dfa = 2; } else { dfa = -1; } } static Boolean isAccepted(String st) { // store length of string int i, len = st.Length; char [] str = st.ToCharArray(); for (i = 0; i < len; i++) { if (dfa == 0) start(str[i]); else if (dfa == 1) state01(str[i]); else if (dfa == 2) state02(str[i]); else if (dfa == 10) state10(str[i]); else if (dfa == 11) state11(str[i]); else if (dfa == 12) state12(str[i]); else if (dfa == 20) state20(str[i]); else if (dfa == 21) state21(str[i]); else if (dfa == 22) state22(str[i]); else return false ; } if (dfa == 0 || dfa == 11 || dfa == 22) return true ; else return false ; } // Driver code public static void Main(String []args) { String str = "aaaabbbb" ; if (isAccepted(str)) Console.WriteLine( "ACCEPTED" ); else Console.WriteLine( "NOT ACCEPTED" ); } } // This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar |
Javascript
let dfa = 0; // Function for the starting state (00) of DFA function start(c) { if (c === 'a' ) { dfa = 10; } else if (c === 'b' ) { dfa = 1; } else { dfa = -1; // Invalid symbol } } // Function for the first state (01) of DFA function state01(c) { if (c === 'a' ) { dfa = 11; } else if (c === 'b' ) { dfa = 2; } else { dfa = -1; // Invalid symbol } } // Function for the second state (02) of DFA function state02(c) { if (c === 'b' ) { dfa = 0; } else if (c === 'a' ) { dfa = 12; } else { dfa = -1; // Invalid symbol } } // Function for the third state (10) of DFA function state10(c) { if (c === 'b' ) { dfa = 11; } else if (c === 'a' ) { dfa = 20; } else { dfa = -1; // Invalid symbol } } // Function for the fourth state (11) of DFA function state11(c) { if (c === 'b' ) { dfa = 12; } else if (c === 'a' ) { dfa = 21; } else { dfa = -1; // Invalid symbol } } function state12(c) { if (c === 'b' ) { dfa = 10; } else if (c === 'a' ) { dfa = 22; } else { dfa = -1; // Invalid symbol } } function state20(c) { if (c === 'b' ) { dfa = 21; } else if (c === 'a' ) { dfa = 0; } else { dfa = -1; // Invalid symbol } } function state21(c) { if (c === 'b' ) { dfa = 22; } else if (c === 'a' ) { dfa = 1; } else { dfa = -1; // Invalid symbol } } function state22(c) { if (c === 'b' ) { dfa = 20; } else if (c === 'a' ) { dfa = 2; } else { dfa = -1; // Invalid symbol } } function isAccepted(str) { // Store the length of the string const len = str.length; // Loop through each character in the string for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) { // Check the current state and transition accordingly if (dfa === 0) start(str[i]); else if (dfa === 1) state01(str[i]); else if (dfa === 2) state02(str[i]); else if (dfa === 10) state10(str[i]); else if (dfa === 11) state11(str[i]); else if (dfa === 12) state12(str[i]); else if (dfa === 20) state20(str[i]); else if (dfa === 21) state21(str[i]); else if (dfa === 22) state22(str[i]); else return 0; // Invalid state } // Check the final state to determine acceptance return (dfa === 0 || dfa === 11 || dfa === 22) ? 1 : 0; } // Driver code const str = "aaaabbbb" ; if (isAccepted(str)) console.log( "ACCEPTED" ); else console.log( "NOT ACCEPTED" ); //This code is contributed by Monu. |
Python 3
"""Python Program to construct a DFA which accept the language L = {w | w belongs to {a, b}*} and Na(w)mod3 = Nb(w)mod 3""" # This function is for # the starting state (00)of DFA def start( c): if (c = = 'a' ): dfa = 10 elif (c = = 'b' ) : dfa = 1 #-1 is used to check for any invalid symbol else : dfa = - 1 return dfa # This function is for the first state (01) of DFA def state01( c): if (c = = 'a' ): dfa = 11 elif (c = = 'b' ) : dfa = 2 else : dfa = - 1 return dfa # This function is for the second state (02) of DFA def state02( c): if (c = = 'b' ) : dfa = 0 elif (c = = 'a' ): dfa = 12 else : dfa = - 1 return dfa # This function is for the third state (10)of DFA def state10( c): if (c = = 'b' ) : dfa = 11 elif (c = = 'a' ): dfa = 20 else : dfa = - 1 return dfa # This function is for the forth state (11)of DFA def state11( c): if (c = = 'b' ) : dfa = 12 elif (c = = 'a' ): dfa = 21 else : dfa = - 1 return dfa def state12( c): if (c = = 'b' ) : dfa = 10 elif (c = = 'a' ): dfa = 22 else : dfa = - 1 return dfa def state20( c): if (c = = 'b' ) : dfa = 21 elif (c = = 'a' ): dfa = 0 else : dfa = - 1 return dfa def state21( c): if (c = = 'b' ) : dfa = 22 elif (c = = 'a' ): dfa = 1 else : dfa = - 1 return dfa def state22( c): if (c = = 'b' ) : dfa = 20 elif (c = = 'a' ): dfa = 2 else : dfa = - 1 return dfa def isAccepted( str ): # store length of string l = len ( str ) # dfa tells the number associated # with the present dfa = state dfa = 0 for i in range (l): if (dfa = = 0 ) : start( str [i]) elif (dfa = = 1 ): state01( str [i]) elif (dfa = = 2 ) : state02( str [i]) elif (dfa = = 10 ) : state10( str [i]) elif (dfa = = 11 ) : state11( str [i]) elif (dfa = = 12 ) : state12( str [i]) elif (dfa = = 20 ) : state20( str [i]) elif (dfa = = 21 ) : state21( str [i]) elif (dfa = = 22 ) : state22( str [i]) else : return 0 if (dfa = = 0 or dfa = = 11 or dfa = = 22 ) : return 1 else : return 0 # Driver code if __name__ = = "__main__" : string = "aaaabbbb" if (isAccepted(string)) : print ( "ACCEPTED" ) else : print ( "NOT ACCEPTED" ) # This code is contributed by SHUBHAMSINGH10. |
Output:
ACCEPTED