Extended Binary Tree
Extended binary tree is a type of binary tree in which all the null sub tree of the original tree are replaced with special nodes called external nodes whereas other nodes are called internal nodes
Here the circles represent the internal nodes and the boxes represent the external nodes.
Properties of External binary tree
- The nodes from the original tree are internal nodes and the special nodes are external nodes.
- All external nodes are leaf nodes and the internal nodes are non-leaf nodes.
- Every internal node has exactly two children and every external node is a leaf. It displays the result which is a complete binary tree.
Uses:
1. It is useful for representation in algebraic expressions.
Below is an example of making an extended binary tree in C++ by making all the external nodes as ‘-1’
C++
// C++ program to make an extended binary tree #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; // A Tree node struct Node { int key; struct Node *left, *right; }; // Utility function to // create a new node Node* newNode( int key) { Node* temp = new Node; temp->key = key; temp->left = temp->right = NULL; return (temp); } // Function for inorder traversal void traverse(Node* root) { if (root != NULL) { traverse(root->left); cout << root->key << " " ; traverse(root->right); } else { // Making external nodes root = newNode(-1); cout << root->key << " " ; } } // Driver code int main() { Node* root = newNode(1); root->left = newNode(2); root->right = newNode(3); root->left->left = newNode(5); root->right->right = newNode(4); traverse(root); return 0; } |
Java
// Java program to make an extended binary tree class GFG { // A Tree node static class Node { int key; Node left, right; }; // Utility function to create a new node static Node newNode( int key) { Node temp = new Node(); temp.key = key; temp.left = temp.right = null ; return (temp); } // Function for inorder traversal static void traverse(Node root) { if (root != null ) { traverse(root.left); System.out.print(root.key + " " ); traverse(root.right); } else { // Making external nodes root = newNode(- 1 ); System.out.print(root.key + " " ); } } // Driver code public static void main(String args[]) { Node root = newNode( 1 ); root.left = newNode( 2 ); root.right = newNode( 3 ); root.left.left = newNode( 5 ); root.right.right = newNode( 4 ); traverse(root); } } // This code is contributed by Arnab Kundu |
C#
// C# program to make an extended binary tree using System; class GFG { // A Tree node public class Node { public int key; public Node left, right; }; // Utility function to create a new node static Node newNode( int key) { Node temp = new Node(); temp.key = key; temp.left = temp.right = null ; return (temp); } // Function for inorder traversal static void traverse(Node root) { if (root != null ) { traverse(root.left); Console.Write(root.key + " " ); traverse(root.right); } else { // Making external nodes root = newNode(-1); Console.Write(root.key + " " ); } } // Driver code public static void Main() { Node root = newNode(1); root.left = newNode(2); root.right = newNode(3); root.left.left = newNode(5); root.right.right = newNode(4); traverse(root); } } // This code is contributed by AnkitRai01 |
Javascript
<script> // Javascript program to make an extended binary tree // A Tree node class Node { constructor() { this .key = 0; this .left = null ; this .right = null ; } }; // Utility function to create a new node function newNode(key) { var temp = new Node(); temp.key = key; temp.left = temp.right = null ; return (temp); } // Function for inorder traversal function traverse(root) { if (root != null ) { traverse(root.left); document.write(root.key + " " ); traverse(root.right); } else { // Making external nodes root = newNode(-1); document.write(root.key + " " ); } } // Driver code var root = newNode(1); root.left = newNode(2); root.right = newNode(3); root.left.left = newNode(5); root.right.right = newNode(4); traverse(root); </script> |
Python3
# Python 3 program to make an extended binary tree # A Tree node class Node : def __init__( self ): self .key = - 1 self .left = self .right = None # Utility function to # create a new node def newNode(key): temp = Node() temp.key = key temp.left = temp.right = None return temp # Function for inorder traversal def traverse(root): if (root ! = None ) : traverse(root.left) print (root.key,end = " " ) traverse(root.right) else : # Making external nodes root = newNode( - 1 ) print (root.key,end = " " ) # Driver code if __name__ = = '__main__' : root = newNode( 1 ) root.left = newNode( 2 ) root.right = newNode( 3 ) root.left.left = newNode( 5 ) root.right.right = newNode( 4 ) traverse(root) print () # This code was added by Amartya Ghosh |
Output:
-1 5 -1 2 -1 1 -1 3 -1 4 -1
Time Complexity: O(N).
Auxiliary Space: O(N).
Application of extended binary tree:
- Calculate weighted path length: It is used to calculate total path length in case of weighted tree.
- Here, the sum of total weights is already calculated and stored in the external nodes and thus makes it very easier to calculate the total path length of a tree with given weights. The same technique can be used to update routing tables in a network.
- To convert binary tree in Complete binary tree: The above-given tree having removed all the external nodes, is not a complete binary tree. To introduce any tree as complete tree, external nodes are added onto it. Heap is a great example of a complete binary tree and thus each binary tree can be expressed as heap if external nodes are added to it.