Flowchart of GPCR Signaling
- Ligand (such as a hormone or neurotransmitter) binds to the extracellular domain of the GPCR.
- The binding of the ligand causes a conformational change in the GPCR, activating the intracellular G protein.
- The activated G protein releases the alpha subunit, which then activates an effector enzyme or ion channel.
- The activated effector enzyme or ion channel leads to downstream signaling responses, such as the activation of intracellular second messengers or the opening of ion channels.
- The GPCR can be desensitized, internalized, and recycled back to the cell surface, regulating the duration and strength of the signaling response.
GPCR Signaling Pathway
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a type of cell surface receptor that is activated by ligands, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules. When activated, GPCRs initiate a signaling cascade through a process called G protein-coupled receptor signaling.