Foreground Processes

• When we start a foreground process from the terminal, the shell prompt is unavailable to the user.
• To get back the shell prompt, press Ctrl+Z which sends a STOP signal to the process.
• The process stops and the shell prompt is now available to execute the commands to view the PID of that foreground process.

Start a foreground process say xlogo. Install it if it’s not present by:

sudo apt install x11-apps

1. ps command

The ps command prints the snapshot of processes currently running/paused by the shell. The first column gives us the PID and shows the command which started that particular process. 

ps

2. jobs command

Although the jobs command shows us the jobspec of the process started by the terminal, combining it with option -l shows the PID as well.

jobs -l

3. pgrep command

The pgrep command only prints the PID of the process. The argument of this command is the process name whose PID we want to print.

pgrep [processName]

4. pidof command

The pidof command prints the PID of the processes. The argument should be the process name

pidof [processName]

The PID (process identification number) is a serial number (starting from 1) given by the operating system to uniquely identify the process. Every process started either by the operating system or by the user gets a PID in order of their invocation by the kernel. If we start the same process several times, it will be assigned different PID numbers each time. Every process gets some memory allocated to it and CPU usage based on its priority. 

Note: For a better understanding you can go through these Processes,  Shell Function Library topics also.

The first process started by the kernel is the init process which consequently gets a process ID of 1. All the PIDs are visible/displayed in the process table.

The types of processes we see in the process table are:

• Foreground Processes: These processes are user dependent. If the foreground processes are run from the terminal, the shell prompt remains unavailable and will be available only when the foreground process is terminated or stopped.
• Background Processes: These processes are usually run independently from the user. If a background process is started from a terminal by the user, the shell prompt remains available. One must append & a symbol after the process name in the terminal to start it in the background.
• Daemon Processes: These are system processes started by the root and they keep running in the background until the system shuts down.
• Zombie Processes: These are dead/terminated processes that still exist in the process table and have a PID despite having no resources allocated to them.