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Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
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- Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table.
- s, p, d and f block elements.
- Periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy.
- Electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.
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General Principles and Process of Isolation of Metals
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- Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores.
- Steps involved in the extraction of metals: concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn, and Fe.
- Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.
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Hydrogen
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- The position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen.
- Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water.
- Structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide.
- Classification of hydrides: ionic, covalent and interstitial.
- Hydrogen as a fuel.
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S Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
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- Group 1 and Group 2 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships.
- Preparation and properties of some important compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
- Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement.
- The biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.
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P Block Elements
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- Group 13 to Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group. Groupwise study of the p block elements.
- Group 13: Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminium; Structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride, and alums.
- Group 14: Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties, and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones.
- Group 15: Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotropic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.
- Group 16: Preparation, properties, structures and uses of dioxygen and ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur.
- Group 17: Preparation, properties, and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxyacids of halogens.
- Group 18: Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.
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D and F Block Elements
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- Transition Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements: physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation.
- Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
- Inner Transition Elements: Lanthanides, Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction, and Actinoids: Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
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Coordination Compounds
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- Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner’s theory.
- ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation.
- IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism.
- Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties.
- Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).
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Environmental Chemistry
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- Environmental pollution: Atmospheric, water, and soil.
- Atmospheric pollution: Tropospheric and stratospheric.
- Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention.
- Greenhouse effect and Global warming, acid rain.
- Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention.
- Stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer its mechanism and effects.
- Water Pollution: Major pollutants such as pathogens, organic wastes, and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
- Soil pollution: Major pollutants such as pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) their harmful effects and prevention.
- Strategies to control environmental pollution.
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