Legal Framework governing Espionage
The legal framework regarding espionage in the United States includes laws and regulations aimed at preventing, prosecuting, and deterring espionage activities.
1. Espionage Act of 1917: This law criminalizes activities related to espionage, such as gathering, transmitting, or receiving defense-related information with the intent to harm the United States or benefit a foreign nation. It also prohibits disclosing classified information to unauthorized parties, with violations punishable by imprisonment.
2. Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): FARA mandates individuals or entities acting as agents for foreign governments to register with the Department of Justice and disclose their activities. It aims to enhance transparency in lobbying efforts and prevent covert foreign influence.
3. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA): The CFAA makes unauthorized access to computer systems or networks illegal, including for espionage purposes. It allows law enforcement to prosecute hackers and cyber intruders involved in data theft or espionage.
4. Executive Orders and Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA): Executive orders set procedures for classifying, handling, and protecting national security information. CIPA establishes rules for handling classified information in criminal cases, ensuring fair trials while safeguarding classified material.