Section C: Long Answer Questions (3 marks each)

Question 22: Explain the structural and functional differences between RNA and DNA.

• (a) Compare the types of sugar found in RNA and DNA.
• (b) Describe the types of base pairing observed in RNA and how it differs from DNA.
• (c) Explain how the structure of RNA allows it to perform various functions within the cell.

Question 23: Discuss the process of transcription in eukaryotes.

• (a) Outline the steps involved in the initiation of transcription.
• (b) Explain the role of RNA polymerase II and the significance of the promoter region.
• (c) Describe the processing that pre-mRNA undergoes before becoming mature mRNA.

Question 24: Describe the process of ecological succession in a terrestrial ecosystem.

• (a) Define ecological succession and distinguish between primary and secondary succession.
• (b) Explain the concept of climax community with an example.
• (c) Discuss how succession contributes to biodiversity in an ecosystem.

Question 25: Explain the mechanism of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes using the Lac operon model.

• (a) Describe the structure of the Lac operon and the role of each component.
• (b) Explain how the presence or absence of lactose affects the expression of genes in the Lac operon.
• (c) Discuss the significance of the Lac operon model in understanding gene regulation.

Question 26: Discuss the impact of human activities on biodiversity and suggest measures for conservation.

• (a) Identify three human activities that have a significant impact on biodiversity.
• (b) Discuss the concept of biodiversity hotspots and their importance in conservation.
• (c) Suggest three measures that can be taken to conserve biodiversity.

Question 27: Explain the process and significance of recombinant DNA technology in medical science.

• (a) Outline the steps involved in creating a recombinant DNA molecule.
• (b) Discuss the role of recombinant DNA technology in the production of insulin.
• (c) Explain how gene therapy is used to treat genetic disorders, providing an example.

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