What is Equality?

All human societies make distinctions among individuals based on various factors such as race, color, or gender, which often conflict with the fundamental principle of equality. Our innate sense of equality dictates that all individuals should be treated with the same respect and consideration due to their shared humanity. However, equality does not necessarily mean treating everyone in an identical manner at all times. Societies inherently require division of labor and functions, resulting in differing status and rewards for individuals based on their roles and contributions.

While some differences in treatment may be deemed acceptable or even necessary for the functioning of society, others may appear unjust. For example, granting prime ministers or army generals special rank and status is generally accepted as long as their privileges are not abused. However, inequalities arising from circumstances beyond an individual’s control, such as being born into poverty or denied access to education, are often viewed as unfair.

Determining which distinctions and differences are acceptable and which are not poses a significant challenge. While natural inequalities stem from inherent differences in capabilities and talents, socially-produced inequalities emerge from disparities in opportunities or exploitation within society. The distinction between natural and socially-produced inequalities can help discern between justifiable and unjust inequalities, but it is not always clear-cut.

Historically, long-standing inequalities based on presumed natural differences, such as gender or race, have been used to justify discriminatory practices. However, societal advancements and changing perspectives have challenged these assumptions. For instance, advances in technology and medicine have enabled many individuals with disabilities to actively participate in society, undermining the notion of their inherent incapacity.

Given the complexities involved, many contemporary theorists advocate for addressing inequalities arising from circumstances beyond individuals’ control, such as familial background or social circumstances. It is these systemic inequalities that undermine equality and warrant efforts to minimize and eliminate them.

Equality stands as a fundamental principle in society, emphasizing the inherent worth and dignity of every individual regardless of their background. Rooted in the notion of common humanity, it advocates for equal respect and consideration for all.