Contents of Amendments Made so far
- Technical or Administrative Amendments:
- These amendments clarify or modify original provisions but do not substantially alter them.
- Examples include increasing the retirement age of High Court judges and adjusting salaries of judges.
- Amendments to Address Judicial Interpretations:
- Amendments are made to underline specific interpretations of the Constitution conflicting with those of the judiciary.
- This arises from differing interpretations between the judiciary and the government, necessitating clarification through amendments.
- Amendments through Political Consensus:
- Amendments reflect evolving political philosophies and societal aspirations, often based on consensus among political parties.
- Instances include anti-defection amendments, lowering the voting age, and expanding reservations in jobs and admissions.
- Controversial Amendments:
- Amendments from 1970 to 1980 sparked legal and political controversies, particularly during the internal emergency from June 1975.
- Controversial amendments include the 38th, 39th, and 42nd amendments, which sought to make significant changes to the Constitution.
- The 42nd amendment, in particular, was viewed as a wide-ranging attempt to override Supreme Court rulings and rewrite parts of the Constitution.
- The 43rd and 44th amendments were later introduced to repeal most changes made by these controversial amendments, restoring constitutional balance.
Constitution as a Living Document Chapter 9 Class 11 Notes
The Indian Constitution is a comprehensive and living document that governs the nation’s democratic framework. It establishes the structure of the government, outlines the rights and duties of citizens, and defines the powers of different branches. Amendments to the Constitution are essential to adapt to changing societal needs and emerging challenges while preserving its core principles and values.
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