Mechanism of mTOR2
mTORC2 also controls cellular proliferation and metabolism, in part via modulating IGF-IR, InsR, Akt/PKB, and the serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase SGK. Furthermore, mTORC2 activity has been linked to autophagy control (macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy). The specific location of mTORC2 within cells is yet unknown. Some discoveries based on its activity indicate cellular endomembranes, such as mitochondria, as a likely location of mTORC2; however, this might be owing to its interaction with Akt. It is unclear whether these membranes exhibit mTORC2 activity in the cellular setting or contribute to the phosphorylation of mTORC2 substrates.
mTOR Signaling Pathway
Cell signaling (cell communication in British English) is the capacity of a cell to receive, process, and transmit messages with its surroundings and with itself. Cell signaling is a basic characteristic of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular life. Cell signaling can take place across short or long distances, and is thus classed as autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, and endocrine. Signaling molecules can be produced via a variety of biosynthetic pathways and released by passive or active transporters, as well as cell injury.
Receptors are important in cell signaling because they can sense chemical signals as well as physical inputs. Receptors are proteins that are found on the cell surface or within the cell’s interior, such as the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus. Additional enzymatic activity such as proteolytic cleavage, phosphorylation, methylation, and ubiquitinylation may occur as a result of these signaling pathways. Each cell is designed to respond to certain extracellular signal molecules, which serve as the foundation for development, tissue repair, immunology, and homeostasis.