Methods to Remove Permanent Hardness of Water
The methods to remove permanent hardness of water are:
- Calgon’s Process
- Ion Exchange Resin Method
- Gan’s Permutit Method
Calgon’s Process
Calgon, also known as sodium-hexa-meta-phosphate (NaPO3)6, is used in this procedure. The process of Ca++ and Mg++ ions adhering to water molecules eliminates its hardness.
Ion Exchange Resin Method
Resins are used in this procedure to permanently eliminate the hardness of the water. Cl– is used to exchange Ca++/Mg++ ions, while anion exchange resin (RNH2OH) is used to exchange SO4-2 ions. In the procedure, demineralized water is produced.
2RCOOH + Ca2+ → (RCOO)2Ca + 2H+
RNH2OH + Cl– → RNH2Cl + OH–
H+ + OH– → H2O
Gan’s Permutit Method
This technique uses sodium aluminum ortho silicate, sometimes referred to as zeolite or permutite, to take out the water’s persistent hardness.
Reaction: Na2Al2Si2O8.KH2O + Ca2+→ 2Na+ + CaAl2Si2O8.xH2O
Hardness of Water: Temporary and Permanent Hardness
Hardness of Water is caused due to the presence of soluble bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Hard water is water that does not lather when soap is added. There might be some small health benefits in drinking hard water. It can present severe problems in factories where water hardness is monitored to prevent expensive breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other water-handling equipment.
In this article, we will learn, what is hardness of water, the types of hardness, how to remove it along with the disadvantages and harmful effects of the hardness of water.
Table of Content
- What is Hardness of Water?
- What Is Hard Water?
- Types of Hardness of Water
- Difference Between Temporary and Permanent Hardness of Water
- Methods to Remove Temporary Hardness of Water
- Methods to Remove Permanent Hardness of Water