Types of Cloning Vectors
- Plasmid: The most used bacterial cloning vectors are plasmids. These cloning vectors have a site that enables the insertion of DNA fragments, such as a polylinker with numerous commonly used restriction sites that can bind DNA fragments. A plasmid is 4361 bp in size, and its cloning range is 0.1 to 10 kb. While the gene is still isolated from E. coli, it is ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant. Examine PBR322
- Bacterial Artificial Chromosome: A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA molecule that has been produced and is used to clone DNA sequences in bacterial cells (for example, E. coli). BACs are frequently utilized in the context of DNA sequencing. The BAC is 11827 bp in size, and the cloning range is 35-300 kb. Chloramphenicol and lactose metabolizing genes are the marker genes. It is artificially synthesized by f-plasmid modification. For instance, pUvBBAC
- Yeast Artificial Chromosome: Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is a DNA molecule designed by humans that is used to clone DNA sequences in yeast cells. YACs are frequently utilized in the mapping and sequencing of genomes.
- YAC is 11400 bp in length, while the cloning vector is 100-1000 kb in size. The marker is comparable to yeast’s. It is synthetic and contains a yeast centromere obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- Bacteriophage: Bacteriophage lambda is utilized as an expression vector in the cloning procedure. It has the ability to replicate to 24kbp size of DNA which is higher than plasmids.
- It has a size of 48502 bp, of which one-third is unnecessary. It can only recombinant approximately 4-5 kbp of donor DNA. Lambda genome is one such example.
- Cosmid: Cosmid has a size of 7900 bp and a cloning limit of 30-50 kb. It consists of similar characteristics to both phase and plasmid. for Example-super COS1
- Human Artificial Chromosome: It is an artificial chromosome that is utilized to transfer human genes and has no restriction on cloning as it can carry a large portion of the DNA.
NCERT Notes Biology Class 12 Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
NCERT CBSE Class 12th Science Notes Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes: Biotechnology Principles and Processes is an important part of Class 12 Science Notes for quick revision. They will benefit from having challenging study material to use in preparing for the exam. Students can get CBSE Class 12th Science Notes Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes, Biotechnology, the principle of biotechnology, Recombinant DNA Technology, Separation and Isolation of DNA Fragments, Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology.
The branch of biology known as biotechnology is where technology is used to improve human health. Biotechnology is the production, development, and modification of useful products to satisfy the needs of all living things.