Tughluq Dynasty(1320-1414)
| Rulers | Period | Events |
| Ghiyath-al-Din Tughluq | 1320-1325 | |
| Muhammad Bin Tughluq | 1325-1351 | Also called as Muhammad Shah II |
| Mahmud Ibn Muhammad | 1351 (March) | |
| Firoz Shah Tughlaq | 1351-1388 | Cousin of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq |
| Ghiyas-ud- Din Tughluq II | 1388-1389 | |
| Abu Bakr Shah | 1389-1390 | |
| Nasir ud Din Muhammad Shah I | 1390-1393 | |
| Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah I | 1393 | |
| Mahmud Nasir ud din | 1393-1399 | Also known as Sultan Mahmud II |
| Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq | 1394-1399 | Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq |
| Nasir ud din Mahmud | 1399-1412 | Son of Mahmud Nasir-ud-din |
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq/ Ghazi Malik (1320-1325)
He was the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty and laid the foundation of Tughlaqabad near Delhi. He sends his son Jauna Khan against Warangal and Madurai. It is believed Jauna Khan treacherously killed his father and ascended the throne with the title Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1325.
Muhammad Bin Tughlaq/ Jauna Khan (1325-1351)
He introduced many reforms, which are mentioned in brief below:
- Transfer of Capital- He wanted to shift his capital from Delhi to Devagiri so he can control the South well. He moved his people forcefully to Devagiri, which was renamed Daulatabad. After a span of 2 years, the sultan abandoned Daulatabad and shited back to Delhi due to water scarcity in Daulatabad.
- Token Currency- In 1329, he introduced token currency made of copper to replace gold and silver coins, based on the Chinese example. Tokens were easy to forge which led to heavy losses. Later he repealed his verdict.
- Taxation in Doab- Above two failed reforms led to the loss of money in huge quantities. To improve the financial condition, he increased land revenue for farmers on the doab of the Yamuna and Ganga rivers. A severe famine struck the region at the time and which made people revolt, which was later succeeded by him.
- Agricultural Reforms- Takkavi loans were given to the farmers to buy seeds and extend cultivation. A separate department for agriculture was set up called Diwan-i-amir Kohi.
He was the only Delhi Sultan who had received a comprehensive literary, philosophical, and religious education. He was tolerant about religious matters and maintained diplomatic relationships with Egypt, China, and Iran. Ibn Batuta visited India during this time. During the later period of his reign, rebellions were faced by his nobles and provincial governors.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388)
After the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1351, Firoz Shah Tughlaq was chosen as Sultan by nobles.
Military Campaigns
He focused on strengthening his position over north India instead of focusing on the South and Deccan. He led two expeditions to Bengal, which were unsuccessful and as a result, Bengal became free from Sultanate control. Firoz Shah also attacked Jajnagar and collected booty from temples and also marched to Nagarkot, and also towards Thatta.
Administrative Reforms
Ulemas played important role in his administration. The Iqta system was revived and was made hereditary. He levied taxes as per the teaching of Islam and Jizya was imposed on non-muslims. He showed intolerance towards Shia Muslims and Sufis. He imposed an irrigation tax and built a number of irrigation canals and wells. The longest canal was about 200 km in length from Sutlej to Hansi.
Royal factories called Karkhanas in which thousands of slaves were employed were developed. New towns were built during his reign, the famous one being Firozabad. Diwan-i-Khairat, a new department was established to support orphans and widows. Scholars like Barani and Isami were patronized and he himself wrote Futuhat-e-Firozshahi.
Following years after the death of Firoz Shah Tughlaq, the Delhi Sultanate disintegrated and many provinces like Gujarat and Malwa declared independence and the Mongol invasion further aggravated the situation. He withdrew from India in 1399 and his invasion gave a death blow to Tughlaq.
Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate was a powerful Islamic Empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for more than 320 years, i.e. from 1206 to 1526. Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially:
- Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)
- Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320)
- Tuglaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
- Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)
- Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526)
It covered a wide swathe of territories in modern India, from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh as well as parts of Southern Nepal.
Table of Content
- History and Overview
- Delhi Sultanate
- Sources of Delhi Sultanate
- Expansion of Delhi Sultanate
- Slave or Mamluk Dynasty
- Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)
- Tughluq Dynasty(1320-1414)
- Sayyid Dynasty(1414-1451)
- Lodi Dynasty(1451-1526)
- Economy
- Literature ad Language
- Architecture