NCERT Solutions For Class-12 History Chapter-3: Kinship, Caste and Class Early Societies

NCERT Solutions For Class 12 History Chapter 3 Kinship, Caste and Class Early Societies – This article includes the free NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 3 Kinship, Caste and Class Early Societies. It will help the students of Class 12 to learn the solutions and ace their exams. It has been developed by the subject matter experts at GFG, according to the latest CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, and guidelines. It help the students of Class 12 create a solid conceptual base for History Chapter 3 Kinship, Caste and Class Early Societies.

The solutions to all the exercises in Class 12 History Chapter 3 History Chapter 3 Kinship, Caste and Class Early Societies of your NCERT textbook have been collectively covered in NCERT Solution for Class 11 (2024-2025).

How are children named today? Are these ways of naming similar to or different from those described in this section? (Page – 60)

Answer:

In India, the naming of a child of the child is a family affair. It involves multiple people and different factors. The name is usually given after the 11th day of the birth of a child. This process is known as the naamkaram. During the process of Naam Karan, a priest uses numerology to create janam kundli. On this, the naming can done.

Which of the sources mentioned in this section suggest that people followed the occupations laid down by Brahmanas? Which sources suggest other possibilities? (Page – 67)

Answer:

Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras are the sources that were written in Sanskrit and compiled around 500 BCE. These scripts outline the ideal occupations for each of the four varnas. The texts talk about the detailed behavior of different social aspects that the whole society always follows. Dharmashastras says that the Brahmanas should study and also teach the Vedas and perform different sacrifices by receiving gifts as well.

How do social relationships operate in present-day societies? Are there any similarities or differences with patterns of the past? (Page – 71)

Answer:

Social relationships are really important in present-day society. The relationship was also important in the past in different ways. Based on different manual consent and respect we can describe how this was similar in the past. Different technological advances allow people to form friendships. Nowadays, the media and technology play a huge role in the socialization in the contemporary society as well.

Read the excerpts from the Mahabharata included in this chapter once more. For each of these, discuss whether they could have been literally true. What do these excerpts tell us about those who composed the text? What do they tell us about those who must have read or heard the epic? (Page – 77)

Answer:

The excerpts from the Mahabharata include so many highly exaggerated and unlikely to be true. There is a passage that describes the battle between Bhima and Duryodhana. It says that they fought for ten days and nights. It is clear that it is not literal but can be considered as the symbolic representation of a struggle between good and evil. The experts generally tell us about the great deals who compose these particular texts and they were skilled as storytellers.

Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families.

Answer:

Patriliny was an important part of the elite family. According to the Dharmashastras texts, the sons can carry the legacy of the father’s kingdom. Due to this particular reason, the elite families had a desire for sons. The royal families took up the throne as a part of the inheritance. The elder son carries forward the legacy of his father after his death.

Discuss whether kings in early states were invariably Kshatriyas.

Answer:

As per the shastras, the Khatriys can be the king. Their main function was related to the welfare of the society and taking care of the whole administration of the kingdom as well. The Mauryas belonged to the low castes that are mentioned in so many Brahamanical texts. The rulers of the Shugas and Kanvas were Brahmin and the shakas were the barbarians.

Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga.

Answer:

Dronacharya was the teacher and a capable archer. Once upon a time, Eklavys came to him who belonged from a low case. Drona was surprised by his extraordinary capability but Drona was bound by his promises to make Arjun the greatest archer in the world. For that, Drona asked the right thumb of Eklavya as guru Dakshina. Eklavya did the same and became handicapped. Hidimba belonged to the class of rakhis and she felt love for Bhima. They both married. Yudishthir permitted them. Mattanga was a Bodhisatta who bon in Chanadala. He married Dittha Mangalika, the daughter of a merchant.

In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society derived from the Purusha sukta?

Answer:

The Brahmans chant the Purusha Sukta. In which they always try to define the sacrifice of the Purusha. They said that the four social categories have derived from the body of the Purusha.

The following is an excerpt from the Mahabharata, in which Yudhisthira, the eldest.

Pandava, speaks to Sanjaya, a messenger: Sanjaya, convey my respectful greetings to all the Brahmanas and the chief priest of the house of Dhritarashtra. I bow respectfully to teacher Drona … I hold the feet of our preceptor Kripa … (and) the chief of the Kurus, the great Bhishma. I bow respectfully to the old king (Dhritarashtra). I greet and ask after the health of his son Duryodhana and his younger brother … Also greet all the young Kuru warriors who are our brothers, sons and grandsons … Greet above all him, who is to us like father and mother, the wise Vidura (born of a slave woman) … I bow to the elderly ladies who are known as our mothers. To those who are our wives you say this, “I hope they are well-protected”… Our daughters-in law born of good families and mothers of children greet on my behalf. Embrace for me those who are our daughters … The beautiful, fragrant, well-dressed courtesans of ours you should also greet. Greet the slave women and their children, greet the aged, the maimed (and) the helpless … Try and identify the criteria used to make this list – in terms of age, gender, kinship ties. Are there any other criteria? For each category, explain why they are placed in a particular position in the list.

Answer:

There were so many factors that can be considered to prepare the list including age, gender, kinship, and ties. The Brahmans hold a high status in the society at that time. Women used to have important places like wives, daughters, and sisters. The poor and the marginal people also dealt with the affection as well.

Discuss whether the Mahabharata could have been the work of a single author.

Answer: 

There are a huge number of views about the authors of Mahabharata. The common views are related to the earliest texts composed by the Sutas and they composed so many praise of the Kings. These compositions may be used to circulate the different sections of society in several countries. 

How important were gender differences in early societies? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer:

There were so many differences in early societies between men and women. It was considered that men would carry the legacy and women would hold the social and economic positions. Women generally did not get any share of their parent’s property. Women did not have any position in politics and administration of the society.

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What were the caste and class in early societies?

There were four classes in the caste system: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (kings, governors, and warriors), Vaishyas (cattle herders, agriculturists, artisans, and merchants), and Shudras (laborers and service providers).

How important were gender differences in early societies class 12 history?

Gender differences in early societies were very important because it had effects on social life of men and women in the following ways :Women could not claim a share of these resources. Women were allowed to retain the gifts they received on the occasion of their marriage as stridhana.

What are the two rules of gotra?

1. Each gotra was named after a king and all those who belonged to the same gotra were regarded as his descendants. 2. Women were expected to give up their father’s gotra and adopt that of their husband on marriage.

What is Mahabharat class 12?

The Mahabharata is an ancient Indian epic where the main story revolves around two branches of a family – the Pandavas and Kauravas – who, in the Kurukshetra War, battle for the throne of Hastinapura. Interwoven into this narrative are several smaller stories about people dead or living, and philosophical discourses.

What is kinship in history class 12?

Kinship is a system of relation between such relatives which determine our relationship on the basis of lineage. These relations were based on lineage or vansha are developed by a family. Patriliny means that the descent which is traced from father to son, then grandson and great grandson.